Frequently Asked Questions

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Arteries carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body.

Your blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day.

Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood inside your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into arteries that carry blood throughout your body. This happens 60 to 100 times a minute, 24 hours a day. Arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to your whole body so it can function.

Blood pressure is measured using two numbers:

The first number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats.

The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats.

If the measurement reads 120 systolic and 80 diastolic, you would say, “120 over 80,” or write, “120/80 mmHg.”

A normal blood pressure level is less than 120/80 mmHg.

High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is blood pressure that is higher than normal. Your blood pressure changes throughout the day based on your activities. Having blood pressure measures consistently above normal may result in a diagnosis of high blood pressure (or hypertension).

The higher your blood pressure levels, the more risk you have for other health problems, such as heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.

Your health care team can diagnose high blood pressure and make treatment decisions by reviewing your systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and comparing them to levels found in certain guidelines.

The guidelines used to diagnose high blood pressure may differ from health care professional to health care professional:

• Some health care professionals diagnose patients with high blood pressure if their blood pressure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg or higher.² This limit is based on a guideline released in 2003, as seen in the table below.
• Other health care professionals diagnose patients with high blood pressure if their blood pressure is consistently 130/80 mm Hg or higher.¹ This limit is based on a guideline released in 2017, as seen in the table below.

High blood pressure usually has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. Measuring your blood pressure is the only way to know whether you have high blood pressure.

High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can happen because of unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as not getting enough regular physical activity. Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and having obesity, can also increase the risk for developing high blood pressure. High blood pressure can also happen during pregnancy.

High blood pressure can damage your health in many ways. It can seriously hurt important organs like your heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes.

The good news is that, in most cases, you can manage your blood pressure to lower your risk for serious health problems.

Some wrist blood pressure monitors may be accurate if used exactly as directed and checked against measurements taken in your provider’s office. For the most reliable blood pressure measurement, the American Heart Association recommends using a monitor with a cuff that goes around your upper arm, when available.

Some people with very large arms may not have access to a well-fitting arm cuff at home. If so, measuring blood pressure at the wrist may be OK. Wrist blood pressure monitors may also be an option for people who had lymph nodes removed from the armpit (axiliary lymph node resection).

Using a wrist blood pressure monitor at home often gives falsely high readings due to poor positioning. If you use one, place it directly over the wrist (radial) artery, where you can feel the pulse. Don’t place it over clothes. Keep your wrist at heart level. Be still during the test and don’t bend the wrist. Bending (flexing) the wrist can cause incorrect readings.

It’s common for blood pressure readings taken at home on any type of monitor to be different from those taken at a health care provider’s office. If you have a wrist blood pressure monitor, take the device to your provider’s office. Your provider can compare the blood pressure in your arm and wrist to make sure your device is working well.

Your blood pressure doesn’t stay the same at all times. It changes based on what you’re doing. When you’re exercising or excited, your blood pressure goes up. When you’re resting, your blood pressure is lower.

Your blood pressure can also change because of your:

• Age.
• Medications you take.
• Changes in position.

High blood pressure — the “silent killer” — usually has no symptoms. It can damage your heart, kidneys and brain before you know anything is wrong.

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Without treatment, high blood pressure can cause:

• Transient ischemic attack (TIA).
• Stroke.
• Heart attack.
• Enlarged heart.
• Heart failure.
• Peripheral artery disease.
• Aneurysms.
• Kidney disease.
• Broken blood vessels in your eyes.

Your risk of high blood pressure is higher if you:

• Have a family history of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
• Are Black.
• Are age 60 or older.
• Have high cholesterol.
• Use oral contraceptives (birth control pills).
• Have obesity.
• Have diabetes.
• Use tobacco products.
• Don’t exercise.
• Have eat a high salt diet.

Your healthcare provider should check your blood pressure at every annual checkup if your blood pressure is normal. If your blood pressure readings are high at your appointments, your provider may ask you to check your blood pressure at home anywhere from several times a day to once a week.

You should take blood pressure readings at the same time of day each time. You can take two or three readings one after the other, as long as you wait one minute before the next one. When you’re done, figure out the average of the two or three readings you took.

Your provider may ask you to wear a blood pressure monitor for 24 hours. The monitor is usually set to take blood pressure every 15 to 30 minutes while you do your normal activities.

Getting your blood pressure checked is the only way to know if it’s too high. You can do this by seeing a healthcare provider for a yearly checkup, even if you feel healthy. You won’t feel sick if you have high blood pressure. So, these checkups are crucial and can be life-saving. If your BP is above the normal range, your provider will recommend lifestyle changes and/or medications to lower your numbers.

Definitions of high blood pressure vary slightly depending on where you live. In the U.S., healthcare providers define high blood pressure (hypertension) as:

• A top number (systolic blood pressure) of at least 130 mmHg, and/or
• A bottom number (diastolic blood pressure) of at least 80 mmHg.

In Europe, healthcare providers define hypertension as:

• A top number of at least 140 mmHg, and/or
• A bottom number of at least 90 mmHg.

High blood pressure is very common. It affects 47% of adults in the U.S. This equals about 116 million people. Of those, 37 million have a blood pressure of at least 140/90 mmHg.

High blood pressure caused or contributed to over 670,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2020.

The World Health Organization estimates that globally, over 1.2 billion people ages 30 to 79 have hypertension. About 2 in 3 of those individuals live in low- or middle-income countries.

Usually, high blood pressure causes no signs or symptoms. That’s why healthcare providers call it a “silent killer.” You could have high blood pressure for years and not know it. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that 46% of adults with hypertension don’t know they have it.

When your blood pressure is 180/120 mmHg or higher, you may experience symptoms like headaches, heart palpitations or nosebleeds. Blood pressure this high is a hypertensive crisis that requires immediate medical care.

Your provider will diagnose you with one of two types of high blood pressure:

• Primary hypertension. Causes of this more common type of high blood pressure (about 90% of all adult cases in the U.S.) include aging and lifestyle factors like not getting enough exercise.
• Secondary hypertension. Causes of this type of high blood pressure include different medical conditions or a medication you’re taking.

Primary and secondary high blood pressure (hypertension) can co-exist. For example, a new secondary cause can make blood pressure that’s already high get even higher.

Primary hypertension doesn’t have a single, clear cause. Usually, many factors come together to cause it. Common causes include:

• Unhealthy eating patterns (including a diet high in sodium).
• Lack of physical activity.
• High consumption of beverages containing alcohol.

Secondary hypertension has at least one distinct cause that healthcare providers can identify. Common causes of secondary hypertension include:

• Certain medications, including immunosuppressants, NSAIDs and oral contraceptives (the pill).
• Kidney disease.
• Obstructive sleep apnea.
• Primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome).
• Recreational drug use (including amphetamines and cocaine).
• Renal vascular diseases, which are conditions that affect blood flow in your kidneys’ arteries and veins. Renal artery stenosis is a common example.
• Tobacco use (including smoking, vaping and using smokeless tobacco).

Researchers believe genes play a role in high blood pressure. If one or more of your close biological family members have high blood pressure, you have an increased risk of developing it, too.

Risk factors that make you more likely to have high blood pressure include:

• Having biological family members with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or diabetes.
• Being over age 55.
• Being Black.
• Having certain medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea or thyroid disease.
• Having over-weight or obesity.
• Not getting enough exercise.
• Eating foods high in sodium.
• Smoking or using tobacco products.
• Drinking too much.

High blood pressure treatments include lifestyle changes and medications. Healthcare providers recommend treatment based on your blood pressure readings, the causes of your high blood pressure and your underlying conditions.

You may be wondering if you can lower your blood pressure naturally. Yes, in some cases, it’s possible to lower your blood pressure without medication. For example, your provider may recommend starting with lifestyle changes if you have elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension.

Here are some proven ways to lower your blood pressure naturally:

• Keep a weight that’s healthy for you. Your healthcare provider can give you a target range.
• Eat a healthy diet. An example is the DASH diet. This is a way of eating that’s full of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy.
• Cut down on salt. Ideally, limit your sodium intake to no more than 1,500 milligrams (mg) per day. If this is too difficult at first, you can start by reducing your daily intake by at least 1,000 milligrams.
• Get enough potassium. Try to consume 3,500 to 5,000 milligrams per day, ideally through the foods you eat rather than supplements. Some foods high in potassium include bananas, avocados and potatoes (with skin).
• Exercise. Ask your healthcare provider for tips to get started. In general, start slow and work your way up to 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week. Resistance training (like lifting light weights) is also helpful.
• Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink beverages containing alcohol, do so in moderation.

Sometimes, providers recommend lifestyle changes along with medications to lower your blood pressure.

Four classes of blood pressure medications are “first-line” (most effective and commonly prescribed) when starting treatment:

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the production of the angiotensin II hormone, which the body naturally uses to manage blood pressure. When the medicine blocks angiotensin II, your blood vessels don’t narrow.
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) block this same hormone from binding with receptors in the blood vessels. ARBs work the same way as ACE inhibitors to keep blood vessels from narrowing.
• Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering the muscle cells of your heart and blood vessels, allowing these vessels to relax.
• Diuretics (water or fluid pills) flush excess sodium from your body, reducing the amount of fluid in your blood. People often take diuretics with other high blood pressure medicines, sometimes in one combined pill.

Your provider may couple other medications with these first-line drugs to better manage your blood pressure.

Talk to your provider about possible side effects. If you get side effects that concern you, call your provider. They may change your dose or try a different medication. Don’t stop taking the medicine on your own.

You should avoid some medications during pregnancy. So, be sure to tell your provider if you’re pregnant or could become pregnant.

Fortunately, there are things you can do to reduce your risk of developing high blood pressure. These include:

• Follow a healthy eating plan. This is an important step in keeping your blood pressure normal. The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) emphasizes adding fruits, vegetables and whole grains to your diet.
• Cut down on sodium. To prevent hypertension, you should reduce the amount of sodium in your diet. Try to keep it below 1,500 milligrams a day.
• Keep a healthy weight. Going hand-in-hand with a proper diet is keeping a weight that’s healthy for you. Losing excess weight with diet and exercise will help lower your blood pressure to healthier levels.
• Keep active. Even simple physical activities, such as walking, can lower your blood pressure (and your weight).
• Drink alcohol in moderation. Having more than one drink a day (for women or people assigned female at birth) or more than two drinks a day (for men or people assigned male at birth) can raise blood pressure. One drink is defined as 1 ounce (oz) of alcohol, 5 ounces of wine or 12 ounces of beer.

Since high blood pressure doesn’t cause symptoms, you probably won’t feel any different with a high blood pressure diagnosis. But it’s important to follow your provider’s instructions to bring your blood pressure down so it doesn’t cause complications later on.

Once high blood pressure leads to complications, you may start to feel symptoms of conditions like coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease. These include:

• Stable angina.
• Shortness of breath.
• Leg pain.

Your provider may recommend you check your blood pressure regularly with a home blood pressure monitor. These are automated electronic monitors you can purchase at most pharmacies or online. For some people, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is necessary.

If you have primary high blood pressure, you’ll need to manage it for the rest of your life.

If you have secondary high blood pressure, your blood pressure will most likely come down after you receive treatment for the medical problem that caused it. If a medication caused your high blood pressure, switching to a different medicine may lower your blood pressure.

We have already got the statement to measure blood pressure. But the question is how it is possible to do so. The manufacturer of smartwatches uses several technologies to do that particular task. For this reason, a smartwatch measures blood pressure and shows the accurate result a person.

Now, let’s learn about how a smartwatch measures blood pressure. An intelligent watch usually applies Pulse Transit Time (PTT) module to count it. Here. The manufacturers enable a significant part. Here, these parts activate blood pressure counting. First of all, we can mention the ECG sensor. You know what; this sensor is available in the cardio smartwatch.

Actually, it can read the flow of blood in our bodies. It directly counts the heart rate per minute. In this way, getting the blood pressure level is easy. We get to know about the blood pressure level and cope accordingly.

On the other hand, you will also see some apps are working on this fact. These apps frequently count, store and analyze the data. Besides, you will have the syncing option to get a date using the apps provided by the manufacturer. In these ways, a smartwatch measures blood pressure. The regular use of this kind of device can be pretty handy. People will get a frequent state of physical condition and respond that way.

The accuracy of smartwatch vitals, including blood pressure measurements, can vary depending on factors such as the quality of the sensors, the position of the arm, and movement during measurement. While some studies have shown that smartwatches can provide accurate readings, it is essential to note that they may not be as accurate as traditional medical devices. It is recommended to use smartwatch vitals as a supplementary tool and consult with a healthcare professional for a complete assessment of one’s health.

According to the American Heart Association, body position plays a vital role in measuring blood pressure; you can get the desired result if you try to measure the pressure through the arm. Otherwise, you may need to get accurate measurements. So, you can easily measure your blood pressure using a smartwatch.

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